- 1561: King Philip II of Spain barred any additional attempts to
                        establish Spanish settlements in Florida.
                      - 1642: Harvard College held its first commencement.
                      - 1779: John Paul Jones, aboard the "Bonhomme Richard," defeated the
                        British ship "Serapis" in the Revolutionary War. Jones was to have
                        declared, "I have not yet begun to fight!"
                      - 1780: British agent John Andre was captured by the Americans while
                        carrying information that Benedict Arnold was about to surrender
                        West Point.
                      - 1806: Meriwether Lewis and William Clark arrived back from the
                        first return expedition to the Pacific coast.
                      - 1845: The New York Knickerbockers, America's first baseball team,
                        was formed; the first official rules for baseball were adopted.
                      - 1846: German astronomer Johann Galle discovered the planet Neptune.
                      - 1879: Richard Rhodes invented a hearing aid called the Audiophone.
                      - 1911: Earl Ovington became the first air mail pilot.
                      - 1912: Silent film director Mack Sennett's first "Keystone Cops"
                        film, "Cohen Collects a Debt," was released.
                      - 1932: Hijaz and Nejd and other districts were merged to form the
                        Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
                      - 1952: Republican vice-presidential candidate Richard M. Nixon gave
                        his famous "Checkers" speech, denying charges of improper campaign
                        financing; Rocky Marciano became world heavyweight boxing champion
                        when he knocked out champion Jersey Joe Walcott.
                      - 1957: A white mob forced nine black students who had entered a
                        Little Rock high school in Arkansas to withdraw.
                      - 1972: Philippines President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law,
                        aimed at tackling corruption, violence and inflation.
                      - 1976: South Africa decided to allow multi-racial teams to represent
                        the country in international sport.

                      *Happy Birthday*
                      ----------------
                      - Jason Alexander, 39, actor, "Seinfeld's" George Costanza
                      - Ray Charles, 68, singer/pianist, "Hit the Road Jack"
                      - Julio Iglesias, 55, singer, Spanish popular singer
                      - Elizabeth Pena, 37, actress, "La Bamba,"
                      - Paul Petersen, 53, actor, "The Donna Reed Show"
                      - Mary Kay Place, 51, actress, "Mary Hartman"
                      - Mickey Rooney, 78, actor/vaudevillian, "A Midsummer Night's Dream,"
                      - Bruce Springsteen, 49, singer/guitarist, lead E. Street Band, "Born
                        in the U.S.A."