- 1138: The English defeated the Scots at Cowton Moor. Banners of
                  various saints were carried into battle which led to it being
                  called the Battle of the Standard.
                - 1642: The Civil War in England began between the supporters of
                  Charles I (Royalists or Cavaliers) and of Parliament (Roundheads).
                - 1654: Jacob Barsimon became the first Jewish immigrant to America
                  when he landed at New Amsterdam.
                - 1762: Ann Franklin became the first female editor of a U.S.
                  newspaper, the Mercury in Newport, R.I.
                - 1775: King George III proclaimed the American colonies were in a
                  state of open rebellion, the first acknowledgment of the American
                  Revolution.
                - 1788: The British settlement in Sierra Leone was founded to provide
                  a home in Africa for freed slaves and homeless Africans from
                  England.
                - 1864: The Geneva Convention for the protection of the wounded
                  during times of active warfare was signed, leading to the formation
                  of the Red Cross.
                - 1901: The Cadillac Co. was founded.
                - 1910: Korea was annexed by Japan after five years as a protectorate.
                - 1922: Irish politician and Sinn Fein leader Michael Collins was
                  killed in an ambush. He led the Irish delegation which signed the
                  1921 Anglo-Irish treaty by which Ireland was partitioned.
                - 1941: German troops reached the outskirts of Leningrad, eventually
                  surrounding the city Sept. 8 at the start of the siege, which
                  lasted until January 1944.
                - 1944: Hitler ordered that Paris be destroyed.
                - 1945: The Vietnam conflict began when Communist guerilla leader Ho
                  Chi Minh led a successful coup and the French parachuted into
                  Vietnam to fight the coup.
                - 1962: The Savannah, the world's first nuclear-powered ship,
                  completed her maiden voyage from Yorktown, Va., to Savannah, Ga.
                - 1984: The last Volkswagen Rabbit was produced.

                *Happy Birthday*
                ----------------
                - Tori Amos, 35, singer/pianist "Boys For Pele"
                - Honor Blackman, 73, actress, "Goldfinger"
                - Ray Douglas Bradbury, 74, sci-fi writer, "Fahrenheit 451"
                - Valerie Harper, 58, actress, "Rhoda"
                - John Lee Hooker, 78, blues guitarist
                - Paul Leo Molitor, 42, MLB DH, Minnesota Twins
                - Bill Parcells, 57, NFL coach with New York Jets
                - Leni Riefenstahl, 96, Nazi-era German film director of Adolph
                  Hitler biography "Triumph of the Will"
                - H. Norman Schwarzkopf, 64, four-star general (retired)/author
                - Layne Staley, 31, singer, Alice In Chains
                - Mats Wilander, 32
                - Cindy Williams, 51, actress, "Laverne & Shirley"