- 1399: King Richard II of England surrendered to Henry, his cousin
                  and heir, and abdicated the crown.
                - 1493: Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, died and was succeeded
                  by Maximilian I.
                - 1561: Mary Queen of Scots arrived in Scotland to assume the throne
                  after spending 13 years in France.
                - 1692: A minister and five women were convicted of witchcraft and
                  executed in Salem, Mass.
                - 1772: Gustav III seized effective control of the Swedish
                  government and restored the full power of the monarchy, which had
                  been subordinate to parliament since 1720.
                - 1812: In the War of 1812, the U.S. warship Constitution, known as
                  "Old Ironsides," defeated the British frigate Gorier.
                - 1839: Details of Louis Daguerre's first practical photographic
                  process were released in Paris.
                - 1871: Aviation pioneer Orville Wright was born in Dayton, Ohio.
                - 1888: The first beauty contest was held in Belgium.
                - 1902: Poet Ogden Nash was born.
                - 1921: Gene Roddenberry, creative force behind "Star Trek," was born
                  in El Paso, Texas.
                - 1934: Germans voted to give Adolf Hitler the presidency in
                  addition to being Chancellor, which gave him sole executive power
                  in Germany.
                - 1936: Federico Garcia Lorca, leading Spanish writer and poet, was
                  shot and killed by Fascists at the beginning of the civil war.
                - 1942: In World War II, the first American offensive in the Pacific
                  began on Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands.
                - 1960: Gary Powers, the U.S. spy plane pilot shot down by the
                  Russians over Soviet territory, was sentenced to 10 years
                  detention. The Soviet Sputnik 5 satellite was launched into Earth
                  orbit carrying two dogs named Belka and Strelka.
                - 1977: Actor/comedian/game show host Groucho Marx died at age 86.
                - 1979: Soviet Cosmonauts Vladimir Lyakov and Valery Ryumin returned
                  to Earth aboard Soyuz 34 after a record 175 days in space.

                *Happy Birthday*
                ----------------
                - Adam Arkin, 42, actor, "Northern Exposure," "Chicago Hope"
                - President William Jefferson Clinton, 52, 42nd U.S. President
                  (1993-present)
                - Johnathan Frakes, 46, actor/director "Star Trek: The Next
                  Generation"
                - Mary Elizabeth "Tipper" Gore, 50, Vice President Al's wife,
                  photographer, founder of the Parents Music Resource Center
                - Ring Lardner Jr., 83, famed writer
                - Gerald McRaney, 51, actor, "Major Dad"
                - Diana Muldaur, 60, actress
                - Matthew Perry, 29, actor, "Friends"
                - Jill St. John, 58, actress, "Heart to Heart"
                - Kyra Sedgwick, 33, actress, "Phenomenon," "Singles"
                - Willie Shoemaker, 67, jockey
                - John Stamos, 35, actor, "Full House"
                - Sen. Fred Thompson, 56, Tennessee Republican/actor